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Create strong passphrases with EFF's new random number generators! This page includes information about passwords, different wordlists, and EFF's suggested method for passphrase generation. Use the directions below with any set of dice.
Create strong passphrases with EFF's new random number generators! This page includes information about passwords, different wordlists, and EFF's suggested method for passphrase generation. Use the directions below with any set of dice.And now, a message from internationally renowned security. January 12, 2021 10:23 pm 25 News Coronavirus, Top Stories EAST PEORIA (WEEK) - It's game on at Par-A-Dice casino in East Peoria. Staffers there have been told they should expect to be ready to go.
And now, a message from internationally renowned security technologist, author, and EFF Board Member Bruce Schneier:
Directions
We’ll walk you through how to use EFF's Long Wordlist [.txt] to generate a passphrase. For most applications, we suggest making a six-word passphrase.
Step 1: Roll five dice all at once. Note the faces that come up without looking at the wordlist yet. (On our dice, the EFF logo is equivalent to rolling a one.)
Step 2: Your results might look like this reading left to right: 4, 3, 4, 6, 3. Write those numbers down.
Step 3: Open EFF's Long Wordlist [.txt] to find the corresponding word next to 43463.
Step 4: You will find the word 'panoramic.' This is the first word in your passphrase, so write it down.
Step 5: Repeat steps 1-4 five more times to come up with a total of SIX words.
When you are done, your passphrase may look something like this:
panoramic nectar precut smith banana handclap
Step 6: Come up with your own mnemonic to remember your phrase. It might be a story, scenario, or sentence that you will be able to remember and that can remind you of the particular words you chose, in order. For example:
The panoramic view, as I tasted the nectar of a precut granny smith apple and banana, deserved a handclap.
This passphrase is one of 221073919720733357899776 (or about 2⁷⁷) alternatives that could have been chosen by this method. With so many possibilities, this passphrase will be very hard to guess by brute force.
Why Use Passphrases?
The word 'passphrase' is used to convey the idea that a password, which is a single word, is far too short to protect you and that using a longer phrase is much better. The increased length can allow for a greater number of possibilities overall, even if you use a passphrase made of random words to help you remember it. Passphrases made of randomly-chosen words can be both easy to remember and hard for someone else to guess, which is what we want out of a passphrase. While the EFF random number generators are not casino-grade dice, we believe that they are sufficiently random for these purposes.
Computers are now fast enough to quickly guess passwords shorter than ten or so characters - and sometimes quite a few more. That means short passwords of any kind, even totally random ones like nQm=8*x or !s7e&nUY or gaG5^bG, may be too weak, especially for settings where an attacker is able to quickly try an unlimited number of guesses. This is not necessarily true for an online account, where the speed and quantity of guesses will be limited, but it could be true in other cases (for instance, if someone gets ahold of your device and is trying to crack its encryption password).
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When to Use a Passphrase
Your passphrase is especially suitable when directly used to encrypt information, like for full-disk encryption on your laptop or mobile device. The large number of possibilities makes it much harder for someone to crack even if they get ahold of your device and use encryption-cracking hardware. Other great uses are the passphrase for an encryption key (like your PGP or SSH key), or, especially, for unlocking a password safe or password manager application.
Your passphrase should only be used for a single purpose, and especially should not be used for more than one online account. Sometimes password databases or websites get compromised. If you reuse a passphrase and it ends up being leaked in a data breach or otherwise discovered, it can be used to try to access your other accounts.
Notes on Using the Different Wordlists
EFF's new long list, referenced in the directions above, is designed for memorability and passphrase strength. We recommend selecting a minimum of six words from our long wordlist, or when using any other list of this size. The more words you use, the stronger the passphrase. Different wordlists may produce passphrases with different degrees of memorability, but you don't get a significantly different passphrase strength by using one wordlist over another, if the lists are the same length.
When using one of our short wordlists (which contain 1296 words), roll only four dice at once. You can follow our passphrase-generating instructions above, using four dice instead of five. As mentioned elsewhere, passphrases created using one of the short wordlists might be easier to remember and type, but don't provide as much strength per word.
EFF's Long Wordlist [.txt], for use with five dice
EFF's Short Wordlist #1 [.txt], featuring only short words, for use with four dice
EFF's Short Wordlist #2 [.txt], for use with four dice, featuring longer words that may be more memorable.
The creator of our wordlists, Joseph Bonneau, has written a deep dive about passphrase security, and the methodology and criteria he used to create our EFF wordlists. You can also use Arnold G. Reinhold's Dicewareword list, the original and still very popular list for using dice to create passphrases.
What Next?
Learn about password managers! These are a great way to avoid the pitfall of reusing passwords and passphrases. You can use the long, random passphrase that you've created today to protect an entire database of login information that your computer can remember so you don't have to. This makes it straightforward to use a different password for every online account, which is good security practice. Visit the password manager overview on EFF's Surveillance Self-Defense guide to learn more!
Your passphrase that protects a password vault is now a very important key! Forgetting this passphrase is also a serious risk which could result in permanently losing data, and some people might thus prefer to have the passphrase written down, especially while first trying to memorize it or if they won't be using it every day - but if so, it should be kept in a safe place, not in the same place where the data it protects will be stored. What counts as a safe place for you depends on what you anticipate might happen. It's safer to write on a single thickness of paper on a hard surface to avoid leaving an imprint of the passphrase.
The Tools of Randomness
As humans, we naturally strive for some kind of order. The examples are many - schedules, tidy rooms, neatly folded clothes, and the like. Almost everything we do follows certain rules and regulations; there are laws in place and rules to adhere to.
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Still, order comes with a flaw - it's predictable. Of course, it certainly helps us with our daily tasks, but the colors change when something surprising happens. In fact, we cannot deny that we like surprises and coincidences. Therefore, we can say that while we are faithful to order and structure, we also enjoy flirting with randomness.
Here's an example we can all relate to - the 'shuffle' option on most music apps. Despite our tendency to create custom playlists, we still like when our app 'surprises' us with a song. That is especially true if we haven't heard that song in a while, not to mention that so many board and card games also depend on randomness.
In this article, we are going to talk about different ways we use randomness, as well as the tools we that help us achieve it.
Random Number Generators
There's one random number generator we are all familiar with - the lottery drum. As we know, this device pulls out a number of lottery balls at random and creates the winning combination. It ensures equal odds of winning for everyone playing. That is one of many ways we let randomness control a game.
The roulette wheel is also a common random number generator. We can never say for certain which number the ball will land on. In fact, the unpredictable nature of roulette is what makes it so thrilling in the first place. Even online slot games are essentially random number generators. Even though we see symbols, there is always a number behind each one.
Dice Rolling
Surely, dice are the most common random number generator. They are essential to many games, from Ludo and Monopoly to craps and Yahtzee. In the former two examples, rolling a die determines the movement of the player. In the latter two, dice are more central to the game instead of just being a tool.
The die we all know and love is a cube that generates a random number between 1 and 6. Of course, there are also dice that are not cubes and have between four and eight faces. For instance, role-playing games like Dungeons and Dragons often make use of those.
Unfortunately, the history of the die is a bit of a blur. Some say that the oldest dice could have been made some 5000 years ago. What we do know is that backgammon was one of the first games to use dice.
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It's a common belief that dice produce truly random numbers. However, scientists have discovered that it is not entirely true. For example, if we throw a die with the number one on top, there is more chance of it producing that same number. Still, we don't need to worry about that, since the outcome largely depends on the environment.
Dice have come a long way since their invention. Now, instead of using physical dice, we can simply roll a virtual die at freeonlinedice.com. By simply clicking on the die, we can roll it and produce a number between 1 and 6 completely at random. With the help of this simple but convenient website, we can roll a die virtually anywhere.
Coin Flip
Christopher Nolan's movie The Dark Knight introduced the villain Two-Face, who lets a coin flip decide his actions. Indeed, tossing a coin has always been a simple way to make a quick decision, since the odds are 50:50.
Throughout history, flipping a coin has resolved disputes, declared winners and even played a role in politics. In ancient times, people understood the outcome of a coin flip as a sign of divine will.
Interestingly enough, a coin flip had also decided which of the two Wright brothers would be the first to fly a plane. Even though Wilbur had won the coin toss, his attempt at flying was a failure. Yet, his brother Orville was successful.
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In football, a coin flip decides which team kicks off the ball. When a team wins the coin toss, they can decide if they want to kick the ball or receive it. Moreover, the winning team can also choose which side of the field they want to defend.
The coin flip transcends to esports, as well. For example, Hearthstone uses it to decide which player goes first. Whoever loses the toss, gets a 'coin card', which also has its benefits.
Are the Odds Really Equal?
Earlier, we mentioned that the odds of a coin flip are 50:50. However, research shows that there is actually a bit of a bias that makes the toss less fair. More accurately, there is a 0.51 probability of catching the coin the same way we throw it.
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Although both sides are made from raised metal, they show different images. Therefore, we can assume that one side is slightly heavier than the other.
Despite that, the coin flip is still a popular way to decide between two options. Nowadays, we don't even have to worry about the physics of it. Instead, we can go to freeonlinedice.com and do a virtual coin flip with a single click. It's a great way to quickly make up our mind anytime, anywhere. Honestly, flipping a real coin does leave some room for cheating. However, a virtual coin will always produce a random result.
The Bottom Line
It's interesting how often we let such small objects determine the course of our actions. Yet, it's fun, and sometimes necessary to give in to randomness. After all, not having the control of the outcome paves the way for interesting situations.
Rolling dice and tossing a coin have always been the simplest, yet most popular tools of randomness. Now that we can use them online, we are confident that they will stay relevant for years to come. The question remains - how lucky are we?