Plots Details
Elements of a Story's Plot. Even though the plot is, essentially, the events that take place in a story, there is a specific plot structure that most stories follow. In fact, there are five main plot elements to be aware of. With these elements in mind, you stand on the precipice of fantastic story formation. Spider-Man 3 Tobey Maguire details have been revealed. Spider-Man 3 is going to involve the multiverse and the Spider-verse with Tobey Maguire and Andrew Gar. Plot is the sequence of interconnected events within the story of a play, novel, film, epic, or other narrative literary work. More than simply an account of what happened, plot reveals the cause-and-effect relationships between the events that occur. Some additional key details about plot.
Generic X-Y Plotting
Generic function for plotting of R objects. For more details about the graphical parameter arguments, see par
.
For simple scatter plots, plot.default
will be used. However, there are plot
methods for many R objects, including function
s, data.frame
s, density
objects, etc. Use methods(plot)
and the documentation for these.
- Keywords
- hplot
Usage
Arguments
the coordinates of points in the plot. Alternatively, a single plotting structure, function or any R object with a plot
method can be provided.
the y coordinates of points in the plot, optional if x
is an appropriate structure.
Arguments to be passed to methods, such as graphical parameters (see par
). Many methods will accept the following arguments:
type
what type of plot should be drawn. Possible types are
'p'
for points,'l'
for lines,'b'
for both,'c'
for the lines part alone of'b'
,'o'
for both ‘overplotted’,'h'
for ‘histogram’ like (or ‘high-density’) vertical lines,'s'
for stair steps,'S'
for other steps, see ‘Details’ below,'n'
for no plotting.
type
s give a warning or an error; using, e.g., type = 'punkte'
being equivalent to type = 'p'
for S compatibility. Note that some methods, e.g.plot.factor
, do not accept this.main
an overall title for the plot: see title
.
sub
a sub title for the plot: see title
.
xlab
Plot Details Of Last Of Us 2
a title for the x axis: see title
.
ylab
a title for the y axis: see title
.
asp
the (y/x) aspect ratio, see plot.window
.
Details
The two step types differ in their x-y preference: Going from ((x1,y1)) to ((x2,y2)) with (x1 < x2), type = 's'
moves first horizontal, then vertical, whereas type = 'S'
moves the other way around.
See Also
plot.default
, plot.formula
and other methods; points
, lines
, par
. For thousands of points, consider using smoothScatter()
instead of plot()
.
For X-Y-Z plotting see contour
, persp
and image
.
Aliases
- plot
Examples
library(graphics)
# NOT RUN {require(stats) # for lowess, rpois, rnormplot(cars)lines(lowess(cars))plot(sin, -pi, 2*pi) # see ?plot.function## Discrete Distribution Plot:plot(table(rpois(100, 5)), type = 'h', col = 'red', lwd = 10, main = 'rpois(100, lambda = 5)')## Simple quantiles/ECDF, see ecdf() {library(stats)} for a better one:plot(x <- sort(rnorm(47)), type = 's', main = 'plot(x, type = 's')')points(x, cex = .5, col = 'dark red')# }
Community examples
```r # Plot with multiple lines in different color: plot(sin,-pi, 4*pi, col = 'red') plot(cos,-pi, 4*pi, col = 'blue', add = TRUE) ```
```r ## Plot with multiple lines in different color: plot(sin,-pi, 4*pi, col = 'red') plot(cos,-pi, 4*pi, col = 'blue', add = TRUE) ```
The Batman Plot Details 2021
plot(basedata1$iq, basedata$read_ab, main='Diagrama de Dispersión', xlab = 'read_ab', ylab = 'iq')
## Linear Regression ExamplePlot points and add linear regression model line:```rlinreg <- lm(dist ~ speed, cars)linreg_coeffs <- coef(linreg)lineq <- paste('distance = ', linreg_coeffs[2], ' * speed + ', linreg_coeffs[1])plot(cars, main = 'Car distance by speed', sub = lineq, xlab = 'speed', ylab = 'distance', pch = 19)abline(linreg, col = 'blue')```
Pass a numeric vector to the `x` and `y` arguments, and you get a scatter plot. The `main` argument provides a [`title()`](https://www.rdocumentation.org/packages/graphics/topics/title). ```{r} plot(1:100, (1:100) ^ 2, main = 'plot(1:100, (1:100) ^ 2)') ``` If you only pass a single argument, it is interpreted as the `y` argument, and the `x` argument is the sequence from 1 to the length of `y`. ```{r} plot((1:100) ^ 2, main = 'plot((1:100) ^ 2)') ``` `cex` ('character expansion') controls the size of points. `lwd` controls the line width. `pch` controls the shape of points - you get 25 symbols to choose from, as well as alphabetic characters. `col` controls the color of the points. When `pch` is `21:25`, the points also get a background color which is set using `bg`. [`points()`](https://www.rdocumentation.org/packages/graphics/topics/points) for more on how to change the appearance of points in a scatter plot. ```{r} plot( 1:25, cex = 3, lwd = 3, pch = 1:25, col = rainbow(25), bg = c(rep(NA, 20), terrain.colors(5)), main = 'plot(1:25, pch = 1:25, ...)' ) ``` If you specify `type = 'l'`, you get a line plot instead. See [`plot.default()`](https://www.rdocumentation.org/packages/graphics/topics/plot.default) for a demonstration of all the possible values for type. ```{r} plot( (1:100) ^ 2, type = 'l', main = 'plot((1:100) ^ 2, type = 'l')' ) ``` `lty` controls the line type. `col` and `lwd` work in the same way as with points. [`lines()`](https://www.rdocumentation.org/packages/graphics/topics/lines) for more on how to change the appearance of lines in a line plot. ```{r} plot( (1:100) ^ 2, type = 'l', lty = 'dashed', lwd = 3, col = 'chocolate', main = 'plot((1:100) ^ 2, type = 'l', lty = 'dashed', ...)' ) ``` It is best practise to keep your `x` and `y` variables together, rather than as separate variables. ```{r} with( cars, plot(speed, dist, main = 'with(cars, plot(speed, dist))') ) ``` The formula interface, similar to modeling functions like [`lm()`](https://www.rdocumentation.org/packages/stats/topics/lm), makes this convenient. See [`plot.formula()`](https://www.rdocumentation.org/packages/graphics/topics/plot.formula) for more information. ```{r} plot( dist ~ speed, data = cars, main = 'plot(dist ~ speed, data = cars)' ) ``` If you pass a two column data frame or matrix then the columns are treated as the x and y values. So in this case, you can simply do: ```{r} plot(cars, main = 'plot(cars)') ``` The [`lines()`](https://www.rdocumentation.org/packages/graphics/topics/lines), [`points()`](https://www.rdocumentation.org/packages/graphics/topics/points) and [`title()`](https://www.rdocumentation.org/packages/graphics/topics/title) functions add lines, points and titles respectively to an existing plot. ```{r} plot(cars) lines(lowess(cars)) title('plot(cars); lines(lowess(cars))') ``` If the `x` variable is categorical, `plot()` knows to draw a box plot instead of a scatter plot. See [`boxplot()`](https://www.rdocumentation.org/packages/graphics/topics/boxplot) for more information on drawing those. ```{r} with( sleep, plot(group, extra, main = 'with(sleep, plot(group, extra))') ) ``` Again, the formula interface can be useful here. ```{r} plot(extra ~ group, sleep, main = 'plot(extra ~ group, sleep)') ``` Axis limits can be set using `xlim` and `ylim`. ```{r} plot( (1:100) ^ 2, xlim = c(-100, 200), ylim = c(2500, 7500), main = 'plot((1:100) ^ 2, xlim = c(-100, 200), ylim = c(2500, 7500))' ) ``` You can set log-scale axes using the `log` argument. ```{r} plot( exp(1:10), 2 ^ (1:10), main = 'plot(exp(1:10), 2 ^ (1:10))' ) plot( exp(1:10), 2 ^ (1:10), log = 'x', main = 'plot(exp(1:10), 2 ^ (1:10), log = 'x')' ) plot( exp(1:10), 2 ^ (1:10), log = 'y', main = 'plot(exp(1:10), 2 ^ (1:10), log = 'y')' ) plot( exp(1:10), 2 ^ (1:10), log = 'xy', main = 'plot(exp(1:10), 2 ^ (1:10), log = 'xy')' ) ``` If you pass a table of counts for a vector, `plot()` draws a simple histogram-like plot. See [`hist()`](https://www.rdocumentation.org/packages/graphics/topics/hist) for a more comprehensive histogram function. ```{r} plot( table(rpois(100, 5)), main = 'plot(table(rpois(100, 5)))' ) ``` For multi-dimensional tables, you get a mosaic plot. See [`mosaicplot()`](https://www.rdocumentation.org/packages/graphics/topics/mosaicplot) for more information. ```{r} plot( table(X = rpois(100, 5), Y = rbinom(100, 10, 0.75)), main = 'plot(table(X = rpois(100, 5), Y = rbinom(100, 10, 0.75)))' ) ``` You can also pass functions to plot. See [`curve()`](https://www.rdocumentation.org/packages/graphics/topics/curve) for more examples. ```{r} plot( sin, from = -pi, to = 2 * pi, main = 'plot(sin, from = -pi, to = 2 * pi)' ) ``` Use the axis function to give fine control over how the axes are created. See [`axis()`](https://www.rdocumentation.org/packages/graphics/topics/axis) and [`Axis()`](https://www.rdocumentation.org/packages/graphics/topics/Axis) for more info. ```{r} plot( sin, from = -pi, to = 2 * pi, axes = FALSE, main = 'plot(sin, axes = FALSE, ...); axis(1, ...); axis(2)' ) axis( 1, # bottom axis pi * (-1:2), c(expression(-pi), 0, expression(pi), expression(2 * pi)) ) axis(2) # left axis ``` Further graphical parameters can be set using [`par()`](https://www.rdocumentation.org/packages/graphics/topics/par). See [`with_par()`](https://www.rdocumentation.org/packages/withr/topics/with_par) for the best way to use `par()`. ```{r} old_pars <- par(las = 1) # horizontal axis labels plot((1:100) ^ 2, main = 'par(las = 1); plot((1:100) ^ 2)') par(old_pars) # reset parameters ```